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Pyruvate kinase blood test

 

The pyruvate kinase test measures the level of the pyruvate kinase enzyme in the blood.

Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme found in red blood cells. It helps change sugar in the blood (glucose) into energy when oxygen levels are low.

A blood sample is needed. In the lab, white blood cells are removed from the blood sample because they can alter test results. The level of pyruvate kinase is then measured.

How to Prepare for the Test

 

No special preparation is necessary.

If your child is having this test, it may help to explain how the test will feel and even demonstrate on a doll. Explain the reason for the test. Knowing the how and why may reduce your child's anxiety.

 

How the Test will Feel

 

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.

 

Why the Test is Performed

 

This test is done to detect an abnormally low level of pyruvate kinase. Without enough of this enzyme, red blood cells break down faster than normal. This is called hemolytic anemia.

This test helps diagnose pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD).

 

Normal Results

 

Results vary depending on the testing method used. In general, a normal value is 5.5 to 12.4 U/g Hb.

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different labs. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

 

What Abnormal Results Mean

 

A low level of pyruvate kinase confirms PKD.

 

Risks

 

There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

  • Excessive bleeding
  • Fainting or feeling lightheaded
  • Multiple punctures to locate veins
  • Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin)
  • Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

 

 

Open References

References

Elghetany MT, Banki K. Erythrocytic disorders. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 33.

Gallagher PG. Hemolytic anemias: red cell membrane and metabolic defects. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 147.

Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al. Enzymatic defects. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 512.

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              Review Date: 1/29/2026

              Reviewed By: Warren Brenner, MD, Oncologist, Lynn Cancer Institute, Boca Raton, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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