Health Library

Alpha fetoprotein - series

Indications

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the liver and yolk sac of a fetus. AFP has no normal function in adults. The alpha fetoprotein test (AFP) is a blood test performed to measure, diagnose, or monitor fetal distress or fetal abnormalities. It can also detect some liver disorders and some cancers in adults.

During pregnancy, this test, along with the examination of amniotic fluid (amniocentesis), can help detect fetal spinal bifida or other defects of the fetus' neural tube.

Procedure

The alpha-fetoprotein test is performed on a specimen obtained via a blood draw.

Results

Normal AFP levels for men for for non-pregnant women are less than 300 nanograms per milliliter.

Greater than normal levels of AFP may be due to:

• Cancer in testes, ovaries, biliary (liver secretion) tract, stomach, or pancreas
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Liver cancer
• Malignant teratoma
• Recovery from hepatitis
• Problems during pregnancy

Most "positive" AFP tests are actually false positives.

During pregnancy, increased levels of AFP may indicate:

• Fetal defects
• Spina bifida
• Anencephaly
• Omphalocele
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Duodenal atresia
• Turner's syndrome
• Intrauterine death

Review Date: 8/18/2025  

Reviewed By: LaQuita Martinez, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory Johns Creek Hospital, Alpharetta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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