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Cardiomyopathy
     
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Cardiomyopathy

 

Cardiomyopathy is a group of conditions in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, stretched, thickened or has another structural or functional problem. It often contributes to the heart's inability to pump or function well.

Many people with cardiomyopathy have heart failure.

There are many types of cardiomyopathy, with different causes. Some of the more common causes are:

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (also called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy if there is no known cause) is a condition in which the heart becomes weak and the heart's chambers get large. As a result, the heart cannot pump enough blood out to the body. It can be caused by many diseases.
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes thick. This makes it harder for blood to leave the heart. This type of cardiomyopathy is most often passed down through families.

  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy is caused by narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart with blood. It makes the heart walls thin so they do not pump well.
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy is due to a group of disorders. The heart chambers are unable to fill with blood because the heart muscle is stiff. The most common causes of this type of cardiomyopathy are amyloidosis and scarring of the heart from an unknown cause.
  • Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs during pregnancy or in the first 5 months afterward.

Treatment

 

When possible, the cause of cardiomyopathy is treated. Medicines and lifestyle changes are often needed to treat the symptoms of heart failure, angina, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Procedures or surgeries may also be used, including:

  • A defibrillator that sends an electrical pulse to stop life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms
  • A pacemaker that treats a slow heart rate or helps the heart beat in a more coordinated fashion
  • Coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery or angioplasty that may improve blood flow to the damaged or weakened heart muscle
  • Heart transplant that may be tried when all other treatments have failed

Partially and fully implantable mechanical heart pumps have been developed. These may be used for very severe cases. However, not all people need this advanced treatment.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

The outlook depends on many different things, including:

  • The cause and type of cardiomyopathy
  • The severity of the heart problem
  • How long the problem has been present
  • How well the condition responds to treatment

Heart failure is most often a long-term (chronic) illness. It may get worse over time. Some people develop severe heart failure. In this case, medicines, surgery, and other treatments may no longer help.

People with certain types of cardiomyopathy are at risk for dangerous heart rhythm problems.

 

 

Open References

References

Elliott PM, Olivotto I. Diseases of the myocardium and endocardium. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 47.

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):e263-e421. PMID: 35379503 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379503/.

Hershberger RE, Judge DP. The dilated, restrictive, and infiltrative cardiomyopathies. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, et al, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 60.

McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA. Heart failure: treatment and prognosis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 46.

Rogers JG, O'Connor CM. Heart failure: epidemiology, pathobiology and diagnosis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 45.

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  • Cardiomyopathy overview

    Cardiomyopathy overview

    Animation

  • Heart - section through the middle

    Heart - section through the middle

    illustration

  • Heart - front view

    Heart - front view

    illustration

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy

    Dilated cardiomyopathy

    illustration

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    illustration

  • Peripartum cardiomyopathy

    Peripartum cardiomyopathy

    illustration

  • Cardiomyopathy overview

    Animation

  • Heart - section through the middle

    Heart - section through the middle

    illustration

  • Heart - front view

    Heart - front view

    illustration

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy

    Dilated cardiomyopathy

    illustration

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    illustration

  • Peripartum cardiomyopathy

    Peripartum cardiomyopathy

    illustration

A Closer Look

 

    Self Care

     

      Tests for Cardiomyopathy

       
         

        Review Date: 4/28/2026

        Reviewed By: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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